مقایسه ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی رودخانه‌های شمال تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین شناسی معدنی و آب، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 عضو هیات علمی دانشکده علوم زمین دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

3 عضو هیات علمی دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

4 مدیر دفتر محیط زیست شرکت آب منطقه ای تهران

چکیده

رودخانه‌های شمال تهران از رودخانه‌های دائمی و پرآب استان تهران می‌باشند که از شرق به غرب شامل رودخانه‌های دارآباد، دربند، درکه، چین‌کلاغ، فرحزاد و کن هستند. در این پژوهش، ویژگی‌های هیدروشیمیایی رودخانه‌های شمال تهران تا نقطه ورود به شهر و تاثیر عوامل طبیعی از جمله سازندهای زمین‌شناسی و عوامل انسانی بر ویژگی‌های کیفی آب، ارزیابی شده است. به منظور تعیین منشاء احتمالی و فرآیندهای موثر بر کیفیت آب رودخانه‌ها، از شاخص اشباع کانی‌ها، نسبت‌های یونی و نمودارهای پراکندگی بهره گرفته شده است. بر این اساس کیفیت آب رودخانه‌های شمال تهران در بالادست بیشتر توسط فرآیندهای انحلال و هوازدگی کنترل می‌شود و در خروجی تحت تاثیر فعالیت‌های شهری است. میزان آلودگی میکروبی در تمام رودخانه‌ها در فصل زمستان نسبت به دیگر فصل‌ها کمتر است. نمودارهای رسم شده نمایان‌گر آن است که کیفیت آب رودخانه‌های شمال تهران در بالادست عمدتا تحت تاثیر عوامل طبیعی و سازندهای زمین-شناسی است و در پایین دست بیشتر توسط فعالیت‌های انسانی و آلودگی شهری کنترل می‌شود. این رودخانه‌ها تا قبل از رسیدن به تفرجگاه‌ها و مراکز تفریحی شمال شهر تهران، اغلب از کیفیت خوبی برخوردارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Akoto, O., Gyamfi, O., Darko, G., Barnes, V., 2017. Changes in water quality in the Owabi water treatment plant in Ghana. Applied Water Science 7, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0232-4
APHA, AWWA, WEF, 2010. Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 22th, Washington, DC.
Bellos, D., Sawidis, T., 2005. Chemical pollution monitoring of The River Pinios (Thessalia_Greece). Journal of Environmental Management 76, 282-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.027
Berberian, F., Berberian, M., 1981. Tectono-Plutonic episodes in Iran, – In: Gupta, H.K., F.M. Delany (Eds): Zagros, Hendu kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics 3, 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1029/GD003p0005
Billen, G., Garner, J., Ficht, A., Cun, C., 2001. Modelling the response of water quality in the Seine River estuary to human activity in its watershed over the last 50 years. Estuaries 24, 977-993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1353011
Chahyani, C., Yanuwiadi, B., Rachmansyah, A., 2020. Analysis of effect agricultural and domestic activities on water quality and macrozoobenthos in river of batu city, a case study in sisir and pandanrejo village. Indonesian journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 11, 22-26. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpal.2020.011.01.04
Chaudhary, M., Mishra, S., Kumar, A., 2017. Estimation of water pollution and probability of health risk due to imbalanced nutrients in River Ganga, India. International Journal of River Basin Management 15, 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2016.1205078
Chaudhry, F.N., Malik, M.F., 2017. Factor affecting water pollution. Review. Journal of Ecosystem and Ecography 7, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000225
Chetana, S.A., Somashekar, R.K., 1997. Ecological study on the riverine ecosystem of Karnataka. III. Physico chemical charaterisation of river Virshabhavathi. Environmental Pollution 4, 57-63.
Davide, V., Pardos, M., Diserens, J., Ugazio, G., Thomas, R., Dominik, J., 2003. Characterisation of bed sediments and suspension of the river Po (Italy) during normal and high flow condition. Water Research 37, 2847–2864. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00133-7
Diagomanolin, V., Farhang, M., Ghazi-Khansari, M., Jafarzadeh, N., 2004. Heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu) in the Karoon waterway river, Iran. Toxicology Letters 151, 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.02.018
El Kashouty, M., El Sayed E., Aly Kamel, A., 2012. The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater and surface water in the western part of the River Nile, El Minia district,Upper Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, 637– 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0219-x
Hurkard, B., Habibi, M., 2005. Atlas de Tehran metropole, 1st edition, Geographic Information Center of Tehran, P. 372.
Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Amini, B., Emami, M.H., 1993. Geological map of Tehran, Index. 1:100000.
Herrera, M.L., Espinosa, R.J., 2008. Impact of agricultural activity and geologic controls on groundwater quality of the alluvial aquifer of the Guadalquivir River (province of Jae´n, Spain): a case study. Environmental Geology 54, 1391–1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0920-6
Hounslow, A. 1995. Water Quality Data: Analysis and Interpretation, CRC-Press, 1st edition, P. 416.
Irannezhadi, M.R., 2009. Petrology and geochemistry of the Tertiary igneous rocks of the southern flanks of the Central Alborz, North of Tehran.  Ph.D thesis. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
Ishtiyaq, N., Anisa, K., Abdul, H., 2017. Evaluation of seasonal variability in surface water quality of Shallow Valley Lake, Kashmir, India, using multivariate statistical techniques. Pollution 3, 349-362. https://doi.org/10.7508/PJ.2017.03.001
Jinzhu, M., Zhenyu, D., Guoxiao, W., Hua, Z., Tianming, H., 2009. Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiayang river. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 1168–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.05.007
Korfali, S., Jurdi, M.S., 2011. Speciation of metals in bed sediments and water of Qaraaoun Reservoir, Lebanon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178, 563–579. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1713-z
Kumar Sajil, P.J., James, E.J., 2013. Physicochemical parameters and their sources in groundwater in the Thirupathur region, Tamil Nadu, South India. Applied Water Science 3, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0074-x
Milovanovic, M., 2007. Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe. Desalination 213, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.06.022
Moravej, M.M., Karimirad, A., Ebrahimi, K., 2017. Evaluation of Karun River water quality status based on Water Quality Index and involving GIS environment. Iranian Journal of Eco Hydrology 4, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.22059/ije.2017.60905
Mustapha, A., Zaharin Aris, A., Juahir, H., Firuz Ramli, M., 2013. Surface water quality contamination source apportionment and physicochemical characterization at the upper section of the Jakara Basin, Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 4903 – 4915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0731-2
Okonkwo, J.O., Mothiba, M., Awofolu, O.R., Busari, O., 2005. Levels and speciation of heavy metals in some river in South Africa. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, 1123–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-005-0865-y
Poleto, C., Bortoluzzi, E.C., Charlesworth, S.M., Merten, G.H. 2009. Urban sediment particle size and pollutants in southern". Journal of Soils and Sediments 9, 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0102-0
Razmkhah, H., Abrishamchi, A., Torkian, A., 2010. Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in water quality by pattern recognition techniques: A case study on Jajrood River (Tehran, Iran). Journal of Environmental Management 91, 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.11.001
 Regional Water Company of Tehran, offline database, 2021.
Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils.  No. 60, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. P 166.
Rompre, A., Servais, P., Baudart, J., de-Roubin, M.R., Laurent, P., 2002. Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: current methods and, emerging approaches. Journal Microbiol Methods 49, 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00351-7
Sanchez, E., Colmenarejo, M.F., Vicente, J., Rubio, A., Garcia, M.G., Travieso, L., Borja, R., 2007. Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution. Ecological Indicators 7, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.02.005
Subramanian V., Saxena, K., 1985. Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Delhi region of India, relation of groundwater quality and quantity. International Association of Hydrological Sciences146, 307-316.
Sumok, P., 2001. River water quality monitoring: sharing Sarawak experience, in: proc. 6th Sabah Inter-Agency Tropical Ecosystem (SITE) Research Seminar. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 13, 1–4.
U.S. EPA, 2006. Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. Office of water, U. S. Environment Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Vodyanitskii, Y.N., Yakovlev, A.S., 2016. Contamination of soils and groundwater with new organic micropollutants: A review. Eurasian Soil Science 49, 560–569. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229316050148
World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva. Switzerland 1: Recommendations (Fourth edition), Geneva, p 541.
Yang, H. J., Shen, Z.M., Zhang, J. P., Wang, W.H., 2007. Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River (China). Environmental Sciences 19, 1193-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60195-8
Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Yousaf, M., Wang, S., Nan, Z., Ma, J., 2018. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water in the northeast Tibetan Plateau of China, Water Science & Technology Water Supply 11, 1757-1768. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.237
Zhu, B., Yu, J., Qin, X., Rioual, P., Xiong, H., 2012. Climatic and geological factors contributing to the natural water chemistry in an arid environment from watersheds in northern Xinjiang, China. Geomorphology 153-154, 102-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.014