Advanced Applied Geology

Advanced Applied Geology

Petrogenesis and Source Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks in the Khordeh Qeshlaq Area, Northern Meshkin Shahr

Authors
Department of Applied Geology, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Eocene volcanic rocks in the Khordeh-Qeshlaq area (north of Meshkin Shahr, Eastern Azerbaijan Province) represent a diverse magmatic suite ranging from basic and intermediate to silica-undersaturated compositions. Field observations reveal a complex succession including epiclastic and hyaloclastic breccias, porphyric to megaporphyric lavas, pillow and ropey lavas, and ignimbrites. These rocks comprise picrobasalt, basalt, basanite, trachyandesite, trachyte, tephrite, and phonolite. Mafic lavas have abundant olivine and augite phenocrysts, whereas the undersaturated varieties are dominated by analcime, along with groundmass phases such as hauyne and nosean. Petrographic evidence and geochemical signatures suggest that fractional crystallization (FC) of an assemblage involving Ol ± Cpx ± Hb ± Pl ± Mag ± Ap played a primary role in magmatic evolution. Harker diagrams and trace element modeling indicate that these rocks underwent both fractional crystallization and assimilation–fractional crystallization (AFC) processes involving crustal components. The volcanic rocks exhibit a high-K magmatic trend, while enriched REE patterns and multi-element spider diagrams, characterized by high LREE/HREE ratios, reflect the influence of metasomatic fluids on the mantle source. Tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams place the samples within a collisional continental-arc setting, distinct from typical active subduction-related magmatism. In the binary diagram of Nb/La versus La/Yb most of the sample’s plot within the lithospheric mantle field transitionally into the lithospheric–asthenospheric mantle domain. Petrogenetic and source studies of the Khordeh Qeshlaq volcanic succession indicate that the area has potential for the formation of epithermal Au–Ag and porphyry Cu–Mo systems, as well as REE enrichment in evolved rocks.
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