Geochemistry and the origin of the Shamsabad manganese- bearing iron deposit, Markazi Province

Authors

1 Department of Geology, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

The Shamsabad manganese-bearing iron deposit is located 36 km south-east of Arak city, in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. In order to determine the origin and ore-forming processes of the deposit, in addition to petrographic and mineralogical studies, geochemical studies for major, trace and rare earth elements (using LA-ICP-MS method) were done on ore samples. The ore is lens form and strataband, occurring in thick-bedded to massive, orbitolina-bearing Early Cretaceous limestones. Hematite, limonite, goethite and pyrolusite are the main ore minerals. Hematite is more abundant than other minerals. The colloform texture and lamination of the ore are evidences for volcanic-sedimentary origin of the deposit, and deposition in a marine environment. The presence of todorukite as a primary mineral is indicative of the hydrothermal mediated mineralization. The high Mn/Fe and Si/Al ratios, As, Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn enrichments, and depletion of Co and Ni are similar to hydrothermal deposits. The normalized REE patterns and low ΣREE values (31.40 ppm in average) support that Shamsabad deposit is of hydrothermal origin. Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies indicate that low temperature hydrothermal fluids have an important role in mineralization. The Co/Ni, Co/Zn, La/Ce, LaN/NdN, DyN/YbN, Y/Ho ratios, and the discriminative diagrams for trace element concentrations are in the range of hydrothermal deposits. this study, it is suggested that the Shamsabad deposit is deposited from submarine hydrothermal fluids.

Keywords

References

Ahringberg, H., 1956. Shamsabad Iron Mineral Geysers, Translated by the National Iranian Steel Company Exploration Affairs.
Arrhenius, G., Tsai, A.G., 1981. Structure, phase transformation and prebiotic catalysis in marine manganate minerals. International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report 81, 1–19.
Baioumy, H.M., Khedr, M.Z., Ahmed, H.A., 2013. Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of Mn in the high-Mn iron ores, Bahariya Oasis, Egypt.  Ore Geology Reviews 53, 63–76.
Bao, SX., Zhou, HY., Peng, XT., Ji FW, Yao, HQ., 2008. Geochemistry of REE and yttrium in hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavoursegment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geochemical Journal 42, 359–370.
Boynton, W.V., 1985. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements, meteorite studies. In: Henderson. P. (Ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Developments in Geochemistry 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 115–1522.
Brunet, M. F., Wilmsen, M., Granath, J.W., 2009. South Caspian to Central Iran Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312.
Cann, J.R.,Winter, C.K., Pritchard, R.G., 1977. A hydrothermal deposit from the floor of the Gulf of Aden. Mineralogical Magazine 4, 193-199.
Choi, J.H., Hariya, Y., 1992. Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposites in the Tokora Belt, norteastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology 87, 1265–1274.
Crerar, D.A., Namson, J., Chyi, M.S., Williams, L., Feigenson, M.D., 1982. Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: I. General geology, ancient and modern analogues, and implications for the hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centers. Economic Geology 77, 519–540.
Dymond, J., Corliss, J.B., Health, G.B., Field, C.W., Dash, E.J., Weeh, H.H., 1973. Origin of metalliferous sediments from the Pasific Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 3355–3372.
Ehya, F., 2012. Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran. Mineralogy Petrology Journal 104, 81–93.
Ehya, F., Lotfi, M., Rasa, I., 2010. Emarat carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposit, Markazi Province, Iran: A geological, mineralogical and isotopic (S, Pb) study. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 37, 186–194.
Elderfield, H., Hawkesworth, C.J., Greaves. M. J., Calvert, S. E., 1981. Rare earth element geochemistry of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 513–528.
Farhadi, R., 1995. Study of geology, geochemistry, facies analysis and genesis of the Shamsabad Fe-Mn deposit, Arak. M. Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 213 p.
Fitzgerald, C.E., Gillis. K.M., 2006. Hydrothermal manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology 225, 145–15.
Fleet, H.J., Henderson. P., Kepme, D.D.C., 1976. Rare earth element and related chemistry of some drilled Southern Indian Ocean basalts and volcanogenic sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 4257–4268.
Ghasemi, A., Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 683–693.
Ghorbani, M., 2002. An introduction to economic geology of Iran. National Geosciences Database of Iran, Report No. 2, 695 p.
Glasby, G.P., 2000. Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crust. In: H.D. Schulz and M.Ž. Zabel (Editors), Marine Geochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp. 335-372.
Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Manheim, F.T., Bau. M., Kang, J.K., Lubick, N., 1997. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Journal of Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits 119, 123-138.
Hein, J.R., Schulz, M.S., Dunham, R.E., Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S.H., 2008. Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pasific. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, B08S14.
Hodkinson, R.A., Stoffers, P., Scholten. P., Cronan, D.S., Jeschke, G., Rogers, T.D.S., 1994. Geochemistry of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Pitcairn Island hotspot, southeastern Pasific, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 5011–5029.
Jach, R., Dudek, T., 2005. Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krízna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland.Chemical Geology 224, 136-152.
Jochum, K.P., Seufert, H.M., Spettel, B., 1986. The solar-system abundances of Nb, Ta, Y, and the relative abundances of refractory lithophile elements in differentiated planetary bodies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1173–1183.
Josso, P., Pelleter, E., Pourret, O., Fouquet, Y., Etoubleau, J., Cheron, S., Bollinger, C., 2017. A New Discrimination Scheme for Oceanic Ferromanganese Deposits using High Field Strength and Rare Earth Elements. Ore Geology Reviews 87, 3-15.
Kazemirad, M., Rastad, E., Mohajjel, M., 2015. Fe-Mn Mineralization in Dolomites Equivalent to Shotori Formatiom in NE of Dehbid, Southern Sanandaj – Sirjan Zone, Fars Province. Scientific Quarterly Journal, Geosciences 24(94), 369-380.
Kholghi, M. H., 2004. 1:100000 Geological Map of Varche, Geological Survey of Iran.
Kuleshov, V., 2016. Isotope Geochemistry: The Origin and Formation of Manganese Rocks and Ores; Maynard, J.B., Ed.; Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kunzendorf, H., Glasby, G.P., 1994. Minör and rare earth elements in manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: results of HMNZS Tui Cruises, Mar. Georesources Geotechnology 12, 271–281.
Maanijou, M., Nasiri, A., Aliani, F., Mostaghimi, M., Gholipoor, M., 2015. The study of major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry in Shahrestanak Mn deposit, south of Qom: Implications for genesis. Journal of Economic Geology 7(1).
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., 2014. Stratigraphic position, origin and characteristics of manganese mineralization horizons in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence, south-southwest of Sabzevar. Journal of Economic Geology 6(2), 20-31.    
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., Choulet, F., Lin, Y., 2017. Geological and geochemical constraints on the Cheshmeh-Frezi volcanogenic stratiform manganese deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 89, 96–113.
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Movahednia, M., Lentz, D. R., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Lin, Y., Mousivande, F., 2019. Metallogeny and temporal–spatial distribution of manganese mineralizations in Iran: Implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 115, 103026.
Mazhari, N., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Ghaderi, M., 2015. Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of Ferezneh ferromanganese anomaly, east of Sangan mines complex, NE Iran. Journal of Economic Geology 7, 23-37. 
Mills, R.A., Wells, D., Roberts, S., 2001. Genesis of ferromanganese crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field. Chemical Geology 176, 3–293.
Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C.L., 2014. Jurassic to Cenozoic tectonics of the Zagros Orogen in northwestern Iran. International Geology Review 56 (3), 263-287.
Momenzadeh, M., 1979. Stratabound lead-zinc ores in the lower Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments in the Malayar-Isfahan district (west central Iran), PhD Thesis, University of Heidelberg.
Nabatian, Gh., Rastad, E., Neubauer, F., Honarmand, M., Ghaderi, M., 2015. Iron and Fe–Mn mineralization in Iran: implications for Tethyan metallogeny, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. International Geoscience Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 62, 211–241.
Nath, B.N., Plüger, W.L., Roelandts, I., 1997. Geochemical constraints on the hydrothermal origin of ferromanganese encrustations from the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R., Bühn, B., Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits. Geological Society Special Publication 119, 199–211.
Nicholson, K., 1992. Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: quides to metallogenesis. Economic Geology 87, 1253–1264.
Nicholson, K., Nayak, V.K., Nanda, J.K., 1997. Manganese ores of the Ghoriajhor Monmunda area, Sundergarh District, Orissa. India:geochemical evidence for a mixed Mn source. Geological Society of London Special Publications 119, 117- 121.
Öksüz, N., 2011. Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun-Yozgat) manganese deposits. Turkey. Journal of Rare Earths 29, 287–296.
Rahimzadeh, B., Movahedinia, M., 2018. Mineralization and geochemistry of manganese ore related to Kamyaran ophiolites-NW of Iran. GeoSciences 113, 209-202. 
Rajabzadeh, M.A., Haddad, F., Polgári, M., Fintor, K., Walter, H., Molnár, Z., Gyollai, I., 2017. Investigation on the role ofmicroorganisms inmanganese mineralization from Abadeh-Tashk area, Fars Province, southwestern Iran by using petrographic and geochemical data. Ore Geology Reviews 80, 229–249.
Sarkar, S.K., 2013. Manganese ore deposit of Balaghat mine, central India: evolution model and its implication for exploration. PhD Thesis, India School of Mines, Dhanbad.
Sasmaz, A., Türkyilma, B., Nevin Öztürk, N., Fuat Yavuz, F., Mustafa Kumral, M., 2014. Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ–Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 56, 352–372.
Schmidt, K., Bau, M., Hein, J., Koschinsky, A., 2014. Fractionation of the geochemical twins Zr-Hf and Nb-Ta during scavenging from seawater by hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 140, 468-487.
Thiele, O., Alavi, M., Assefi, R., Hushmand-Zadeh, A., Seyed-Emami, K., Zahedi, M., 1968. Golpaygan quadrangle map 1:250000 with exeplanatory text, Geologgical Survey of Iran.
Toth, J.R., 1980. Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91, 44–54.
Usui, A., Mita, N., 1995. Geochemistry and mineralogy of a modern buserite deposit from a hot spring in Hokkaido, Japan. Clays Clay Miner 43(1), 116–127.
Usui, A., Someya, M., 1997. Distribution and composition of marin hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the North-west Pasific. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R., Buhn, B., Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits, Geological Society London Special Publications 119, 177–198.
Xie, J.C., Yang, X.Y., Du, J.G., Xu, W., 2006. Geochemical characteristics of sedimentary manganese deposit of Guichi, Anhui Province, China. Journal of Rare Earths 24, 374–380.
Zarasvandi, A., Pourkaseb, H., Sepahvand, M., Raith, J., Rezaei, M., 2016b. Tracing of hydrothermal ore forming process in the Sorkhvand manganese deposit, Kermanshah Province, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9, 109.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., 2013. Investigation on primary and secondary processes in Nasirabad manganese deposit, south of Neyriz: using mineralogy and Pb isotope geochemistry. Iranian Journal of Economic Geology 5, 37–47.
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Sadeghi, M., Pourkaseb, H., Sepahvand, M., 2016a. Rare earth element distribution and genesis of manganese ores associated with Tethyan ophiolites, Iran: a review. Mineralogical Magazine 80(1), 127–142.
Advanced Applied Geology
Volume 11, Issue 3
October 2021
Pages 536-556

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics