کانه‌زائی و زمین‌شیمی عناصر اصلی، کمیاب و نادر خاکی در نهشته منگنز سالاردول، غرب الشتر(استان لرستان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زمین شناسی، واحد خرم آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم آباد، ایران

2 عضو هیئت علمی

چکیده

نهشته منگنز سالاردول در 20 کیلومتری غرب الشتر و در زیرپهنه رادیولاریتی پهنه افیولیتی کرمانشاه قرار دارد. واحدهای سنگی موجود شامل سنگ‌های رادیولاریتی، سنگ‌های آهکی برشی و واحدهای کرتاسه است. نهشته منگنز در این ناحیه به‌شکل عدسی‌های نامنظم به‌صورت بین‌لایه‌ای همراه با رادیولاریت‌ها دیده می‌شود. کانی‌سازی منگنز در سه نسل قابل مشاهده است. نسل اول سین‌ژنتیک بوده و به صورت بین‌لایه‌ای همراه با چرت‌های رادیولاریتی تشکیل شده است. نسل دوم و سوم اپی‌ژنتیک است که به شکل رگه-رگچه‌ای و به‌طور عمده درون گسل‌ها و درز و شکاف‌های رادیولاریت‌ها قابل مشاهده است. بر اساس مطالعات کانی‌شناسی، XRD و SEM پاراژنزهای مهم منگنز شامل رامزدلیت، رومنشیت، رودوکروزیت، ژاکوبسیت، بیکسبائیت و مهم‌ترین کانی‌های باطله نیز کوارتز و کلسیت است. تطابق خوب بین نهشته منگنز سالاردول با کانسارهای گرمابی به کمک داده‌های ژئوشیمیائی عناصر اصلی و کمیاب، نمودارهای متمایزکننده و نسبت‌های عنصری تأیید شده است. استفاده از نسبت‌های عناصر اصلی و جزئی نشان‌دهنده گرمابی بودن ذخیره منگنز سالاردول است. نسبت Na/Mg (با میانگین 5/0) نشان‌دهنده تأثیر آب شیرین در تشکیل ذخیره منگنز است. الگوی توزیع عناصرنادرخاکی نرمالیزه شده نسبت به کندریت نشان‌دهنده بی‌هنجاری مثبت Ce با میانگین 1/20 و بی‌هنجاری منفی Eu با میانگین 47/0 است که به وضوح با نهشته‌های گرمابی منگنز سازگار می‌باشد.با توجه شواهد موجود، تشکیل نهشته منگنز سالاردول ناشی از جایگیری سین‌ژنتیک منگنز اولیه در سنگ میزبان رادیولاریتی و فرآیندهای اپی‌ژنتیک ناشی از فعالیت‌های زمین‌ساختی وتحت تأثیر سیالات گرمابی است که منجر به تشکیل ذخیره از نوع بروندمی فسیل شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abdi, A., Mahmudy Gharaei, M.H., Kariminia, M., Karimi Bavandpur, A., Mohajjel, M., 2015. Ichnofacies Analysis of Kermanshah Radiolarites for the Review of the Sedimentary Environment. Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience 95, 116-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.42324
Acharya, B.C., Rao, D.S., Sahoo, R.K., 1997. Mineralogy, chemistry and genesis of Nishikhal manganese ores of south Orissa, India. Mineralium Deposita 32(1), 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050074
Adames., A.A., Machenzie, W.S., Gukiford, C., 1984. Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks under the Microscope. English language book society/longman, p.104.
Anschutz, P., Dedieu, K., Desmazes, F., Chaillou, G., 2005. Speciation, oxidation state, and reactivity of particulate manganese in marine sediments. Chemical Geology 218, 265-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.008
Bonatti, E., Zerbi, M., Kay, R., Rydell, H., 1976. Metalliferous deposit from the Apennine ophiolites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from oceanic spreading center. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87, 83-94.
Broud, J., 1989. La satured du Zagros a nivea du Kermanshah (KurdistanIranian): reconstituation pa leographique evolution geodynamique magmatique etstructural. Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran.
Choi, J. H., Hariya, Y., 1992. Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in Tokoro belt, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology 87, 1265-1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/GSECONGEO.87.5.1265
Edwards, K.J., Glazer, B.T., Rouxel, O.J., Bach, W., Emerson, D., Davis, R.E., Toner, B.M., Chan, C.S., Tebo, B.M., Staudigel, H., Moyer, C.L., 2011. Ultra-diffuse hydrothermal venting supports Fe-oxidizing bacteria and massive umber deposition at 5000 m off Hawaii. The ISME Journal 5(11), 1748–1458. https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej201148
Elderfield, H., Greaves, M. J., 1981. Negative Cerium anomalies in the rare earth element patterns of oceanic ferromanganese nodules. Earth and planetary Science. Letters 55, 163-170.
Elyaszadeh, R., Mohajjel, M., 2011. Structural Style of High Zagros Zone Based on Thrust Fault System in Southeast Kermanshah. Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience 78, 61-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.54598
Flohr, J.K., Marta, M., 1992. Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese Deposit, North Carolina. Economic Geology 78, 2023-2040. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017083
Fitzgerald, C.E. and Gillis, K.M., 2005. Hydrothermal Manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology 89, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.005
Glasby, G. P., 2000. Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crust. In: H.D. Schulz and M.Z. Zabel (Editors), Marine Geochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 335-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32144-6_11
Haskin, L.A., Frey, F.A., Schmitt, R., Smith, R.H., 1966.  Meteoritic, solarand terrestrial rare earth distributions. Physics Chemistry Earth 7, 167-321.
Hasannejad, H., Shahrokhi, S.V., Lotfi, M., Kiani, M., Azadbakht, S., 2015. Mineralography and Geochemistry of Manganese-Bearing Deposits In the Radiolaritic unit of North Aleshtar (North of Lorestan). Jornal of Geochemistry 3(4),341-349. http://geochem.iranjournals.ir/article_643035.html
Hein, J. R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Manheim, F. T., BauKang, J. K., Lubick N., 1997. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. In: Nicholson K, Hein JR, John B, Dasgupta Seeds. Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits 119, 123-138. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.930.7566&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Hein, J.R., Schulz, M.S., Dunham, R.E., Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S.H., 2008. Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and Southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 113(8), 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005432
Heshmatbehzadi, K., Shahabpur, J., 2010. Metallogeny of manganese and ferro manganese ores in Baft ophiolitic Mélange, Kerman, Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4(2), 302–313. http://www.ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2010/302-313.pdf
Ingram, B. L., Hein, J.R., Farmer, G.L., 1990. Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 1709-1721. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70016197
Jach, R., Dudek, T., 2005. Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krížna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland. Chemical Geology 224, 136-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.018
Juteau, T., Maury, R., 2000. The Oceanic Crust, from Accretion to Mantle Recycling. BOOK REVIEWS, Geological Magazine 137(4), 463-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800244415
Karakuş, A., Yavuz, B., Koç, S., 2010. Mineralogy and major-trace element geochemistry of the Haymana manganese mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey. Geochemistry International 48(10),1014–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S001670291010006X
Kiani, M., Ahmadikhlaji, A., Shahrokhi,S.V., Rasa, I., Panahi, A., 2011. Petrological and geochemical evidence of basalts in ophyolite of Kermanshah based on magma in suprasubduction environment (SSZ). 2th conference of earth science, Ashtian Branch, Islamic Azad University.
Maanijou, M., Nasiri, A., Aliani, F., Mostaghimi, M., Gholipoor, M., Maghsoudi, A., 2015. The study of major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry in Shahrestanak Mn deposit, south of Qom: Implications for genesis. Journal of Economic Geology 7(1), 1-2. https://econg.um.ac.ir/article_30335_93eea4ef120b971f505598b23537d3de.pdf
Mahmoudi, Sh., Geravandi, P., Ghasemi Siani, M., Gholozadeh, K., 2020. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of Mn mineralization associated with the Noorabad Delfan radiolarites, Northwestern Lorestan. Economic Geology 11, 603-627.   http://dx.doi.org/10.22067/econg.v11i4.67074
Maynard, J.B., 2010. The chemistry of manganese ores through time: a signal of increasing diversity of earth-surface environments. Economic Geology 105, 535–552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535
Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram. Chemical Geology 56, 207-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5
Moghaddasi, S.J., Negahban, Y., 2012. Study of mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese ore and host rocks of the Robat Karim Manganese deposit, southwest Tehran. Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience 83, 67-76.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837972
Mohajjel, M., Biralvand, M., 2010. Folding Style in Kermanshah Radiolarites and its Significance in Collision Tectonic of Northwest Iran. Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience 75, 75-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2010.55439
Mohajjel, M., Sahandi, M.R., 2001. Tectonic evolution of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience 31-32, 28-49.
Mohajjel, M., Fergosson, C.L., Sahandi, M.R., 2003. Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision Sanandaj– Sirjan Zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21(4), 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4
Munteanu, M., Marincea, S., Kasper, H.U., Zak, K., Alexe, V., Trandafir, V., Saptefrati, G., Mihalache, A., 2004. Black chert-hosted manganese deposits from the Bistritei Mountains, Eastern Carpathians (Romania): petrography, genesis and metamorphic evolution. Ore Geology Reviews 24, 45-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.OREGEOREV.2003.08.004
Nicholson, K., 1992a. Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides. Guides to metallogenesis. Economic Geology 87(5), 1253–1264. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1253
Nicholson, K., 1992b. Genetic types of manganese oxide deposits in Scotland: Indicators of paleo-Ocean-spreading rate and a Devonian geochemical mobility boundary. Economic Geology 87(5), 1301–1309. https://ur.booksc.eu/book/52945679/7ad605
Oksuz, N., 2011. Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun- Yozgat) manganese deposits, Turkey. Journal of Rare Earth 29, 87–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60446-2
Polgari, M., Hein, J. R., Vigh, T., Szabo-Drubina, M., Forizs, I., Biro, L., Muller, A., Toth, A. L., 2012. Microbial processes and the origin of the Urkut manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geology Review 47, 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001
Rajabzadeh, M.A., Nazari-Dehkordi, T., 2013. Investigation on mantle peridotites from Neyriz ophiolite, south of Iran. Geodynamic signals 6, 4445-4461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0687-2
Ricou, L.E., 1976. Evolution structural des Zagrides, La region clef de Neyriz(Zagros Iranien). Memories de la Societe Geologique de France, Nouvelle Serie-Tome 125, 1-140.
Rona, P., Bostrom, K., Laubier, L. and Smith, K., 1983. Hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreading centers. Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division, p. 796.
Roy, S., 1992. Environments and Processes of Manganese Deposition. Economic Geology 87, 1213-1236. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1218
Ruhlin, D.E., Owen, R.M., 1986. The rare earth element geochemistry of hydro-thermal sediments from the East PacificRise: examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochimica et Casmochimica Acta 50, 393–400.
Sabatino, N., Neri, R., Bellanca, A., Jenkyns, H. C., Masetti, D., Scopelliti, D., 2011. Petrography and high_resolution geochemical records of Lower Jurassic manganese rich deposits from Monte Mangart, Julian Alps. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol 299, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.039
Saccani, E., Allahyari, K., Beccaluva, L., Bianchini, G., 2013. Geochemistry and petrology of the Kermanshah ophiolites (Iran): Implication for the interaction between passive rifting, oceanic accretion, and OIB-type components in the Southern Neo-Tethys Ocean. Gondwana Research 24(1), 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.009
Sasmaz, A., Türkyilmaz, B., Öztürk, Yavuz, F., Kumral, M., 2014. Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ–Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Review 36, 357-372. https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2021.20
Schmidt, K., Bau, M., Hein, J., Koschinsky, A., 2014. Fractionation of the geochemical twins Zr-Hf and Nb-Ta during scavenging from seawater by hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 140, 468–487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.036
Schultz, H.D., 2006. Quantification of early diagenesis: dissolved constituents in pore water and signals in the solid phase. In: H.D.Schultz and M. Zabel (Editors), Marine Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp. 73–124.
Shah, M.T., Moon, C.J., 2004. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the ferromanganese ores from the Hazara area, NW Himalayas, northern Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 23(1), 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00099-3
Shahidi, A.R., Nazari, H., 1996, Geological map of 1/100000 Harsien. Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran.
Stocklin, J. and Setudehnia, A., 1971. Startigraphic Lexicon of Iran. Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, p. 376.
Stumm, W., Morgan, J.J., 1996. Aquatic Chemistry. 3rd eds. J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
Sugisaki, R., 1984. Relation between Chemical Composition and Sedimentation Rate of Chemical Constraints of depositional Environments of Ancient Sediments. Journal of Geology 92, 235-259. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30069398
Sun, S., McDonough, W. F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematicsof oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A. D., Norry M.J., (Eds.). Magmatism in Ocean Basins. Geological Society london Special Publication, London, p. 313.
Toth, J. R., 1980. Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91, 44-54.
Usui, A., Someya, M., 1997. Distribution composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J. R., Bohn, B., Dasgupta, S., (Eds), Manganese Mineralization: Geological Society london Special Publication 119, 177-198.
Valipour, A., Ahmadikhalaji, A., Rasa, I., Shahrokhi, S.V., Kiani M., 2011. Petrography and geochemistry of nickel found in ophiolite Prydvtythay Noorabad (North West Lorestan). 5th Geology specialized conference, Payamenoor Univesity of Abhar.
Whitney, D.L., Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 95, 185-187.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8dee/0b418904e6a87887210c80ac1226ee6d717a.pdf
Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., 2013a. Investigation on primary and secondary processes in Nasirabad manganese deposit, south of Neyriz: using mineralogy and Pb isotope geochemistry. Journal of Economic Geology 5(1), 37-47.  http://dx.doi.org/10.22067/econg.v5i1.22888
Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., 2013b. Geochemistry of nodulous and Mn-Layer in Nasirabad, N Neyriz 16th conference of geological survey of Iran. 16th conference of geological survey of Iran.
Zarasvandi, A.R., Pourkaseb, H., Sepahvand, M., 2014. Geochemistry and Genesis of the Sorkhvand manganese deposit, Harsin, Kermanshah province. 33th national geoscience symposium, Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran.
Zareisahamieh, R., Tabakhshabani, A.A., Shahrokhi, S.V., Barak, N., 2014. Geochemistry and mineral chemistry of Shahabad gabbroic intrusion, NW Nourabad, Lorestan province. Journal of Economic Geology 5(2), 291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.22067/econg.v5i2.31986