Fracture analysis based on remote sensing and its impact on hydrocarbon reservoir study, Bangestan group in the Anjir anticline

Authors

1 Department of Geology- University of Isfahan-Iran

2 University of Isfahan Department of Geology- University of Isfahan

Abstract

Based on the role of fractures in accumulating hydrocarbon reserves in calcareous reservoirs and expanding these reservoirs in Iran’s oil fields, e.g. Bangestan group, geometric- kinematic analysis and accurate estimation of the areas with high fracture density are very important for calculating reserves volume. For clarifying the importance of this issue, Anjir anticline in the southwest of Lorestan basin (having proper outcrop of Bangestan group) in the Zagros folded-thrust belt is selected for this case. In this research, using different remote sensing methods and algorithms, fracture analysis throughout the Anjir anticline was done. Field studies showed all these methods are useful for clarifying fractures in this area. A study of length and distance between fractures showed a high level of structural maturity for the western parts of this anticline compared to the other parts. Density, intensity, and fractal dimension parameters are the highest in the north-western parts of the anticline which seems fault systems with NW-SE trend have the most important role in creating fractures, especially within the Bangestan group. Due to the high adaptability of fracture density and structural maturity of the northwestern part of the Anjir anticline with areas prone to hydrocarbons, the results of this study provide a reliable key for prospecting hydrocarbon reservoirs in other regions targeting the Bangestan group in deeper parts.

Keywords


Abdullah, A., Akhir, J.M., Abdullah, I., 2010. Automatic mapping of lineaments using shaded relief images derived from digital elevation model (DEMs) in the Maran–Sungi Lembing area, Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 15(6), 949-958.‏ https://doi.org/10.3524/2010/137458.
Abdullah, A., Nassr, S., Ghaleeb, A., 2013. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Fault Segments Mapping a Study from Taiz Area, Yemen. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 2013, 1–16. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/201757.
Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American journal of Science 304 (1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.1.1.
Alizadeh, B., Najjari, S., Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., 2012. Artificial neural network modeling and cluster analysis for organic facies and burial history estimation using well log data: A case study of the South Pars Gas Field, Persian Gulf, Iran. Computers and Geosciences 45, 261-269.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.11.024.
Blanc, E.P., Allen, M.B., Inger, S., Hassani, H., 2003. Structural styles in the Zagros simple folded zone, Iran. Journal of the Geological Society 160 (3), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-110.
Casas, A.M., Cortes, A.L., Maestro, A., Soriano, M.A., Riaguas, A., Bernal, J., 2000. Lindens: a program for lineament length and density analysis. Computers and Geosciences 26(9-10), 1011-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00017-0.
Carminati, E., Aldega, L., Trippetta, F., Shaban, A., Narimani, H., Sherkati, S., 2014. Control of folding and faulting on fracturing in the Zagros (Iran): The Kuh-e-Sarbalesh anticline. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 79, 400-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.018.
Casciello, E., Vergés, J., Saura, E., Casini, G., Fernández, N., Blanc, E. Hunt, D.W., 2009. Fold patterns and multilayer rheology of the Lurestan Province, Zagros simply folded belt (Iran). Journal of the Geological Society 166 (5), 947-959. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-138.
Cello, G., 1997. Fractal analysis of a Quaternary fault array in the central Apennines, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 19 (7), 945-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00024-2.
Chernicoff, C.J., Richards, J.P., Zappettini, E.O., 2002. Crustal lineament control on magmatism and mineralization in northwestern Argentina: geological, geophysical, and remote sensing evidence. Ore Geology Reviews 21 (3-4), 127-155.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00087-2.
Davis, R.W., Lambert, T.W., Hansen, A.J., 1973. Subsurface geology and ground-water resources of the Jackson Purchase region, Kentucky. US Government Printing Office, p. 66.
Drury, S.A., 2001. Image interpretation in geology. UK: Nelson Thornes, p. 304.    
Ekneligoda, T.C., Henkel, H., 2006. The spacing calculator software- A Visual Basic program to calculate spatial properties of lineaments. Computers and geosciences 32 (4), 542-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.08.007.
Farzipour-Saein, A., Yassaghi, A., Sherkati, S., Koyi, H., 2009. Mechanical stratigraphy and folding style of the Lurestan region in the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt, Iran. Journal of the Geological Society, London 166, 1101-1115. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-162.
Gabet, E.J., Burbank, D.W., Pratt-Sitaula, B., Putkonen, J., Bookhagen, B., 2008. Modern erosion rates in the High Himalayas of Nepal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 267 (3-4), 482-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.059.
GÜLCAN, S., 2005. Lineament analysis from satellite images, north-west of Ankara. MSc Thesis. Middle East Technical University.‏                        
Gupta, R.P., 2013. Remote Sensing Geology. Springer Science and Business Media, p. 428.
Haralick, R.M., Sternberg, S.R., Zhuang, X., 1987. Image analysis using mathematical morphology. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 4, 532-550.‏ https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767941.
Hessami, K., Koyi, H.A., Talbot, C.J., Tabasi, H., Shabanian, E., 2001. Progressive unconformities within an evolving foreland fold–thrust belt, Zagros Mountains. Journal of the Geological Society 158 (6), 969-981. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764901-007.
Hirata, T., 1989. Fractal dimension of fault systems in Japan: Fractal structure in rock fracture geometry at various scales. PAGEOPH 131, 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874485
Holbrook, J., Schumm, S.A., 1999. Geomorphic and sedimentary response of rivers to tectonic deformation: a brief review and critique of a tool for recognizing subtle epeirogenic deformation in modern and ancient settings. Tectonophysics 305 (1-3), 287-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00011-6.
Hung, L.Q., Batelaan, O., De Smedt, F., 2005, October. Lineament extraction and analysis, comparison of LANDSAT ETM and ASTER imagery. Case study: Suoimuoi tropical karst catchment, Vietnam. In Remote sensing for environmental monitoring, GIS applications, and geology (Vol. 5983). International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627699.
Javhar, A., Chen, X., Bao, A., Jamshed, A., Yunus, M., Jovid, A., and Latipa, T., 2019. Comparison of multi-resolution optical Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and radar Sentinel-1 data for automatic lineament extraction: A case study of Alichur area, SE Pamir. Remote Sensing 11(7), 778.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070778.
‏Jensen, J.R., 2005. Introductory digital image processing, a remote sensing perspective (No. 621.3678 J4/2005).‏
Jordan, G., Schott, B., 2005. Application of wavelet analysis to the study of spatial pattern of morphotectonic lineaments in digital terrain models. A case study. Remote Sensing of Environment 94 (1), 31-38.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.08.013.
Koike, K., Nagano, S., Ohmi, M., 1995. Lineament analysis of satellite images using a segment tracing algorithm (STA). Computers and Geosciences 21 (9), 1091-1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00042-7.
Kusák, M., Krbcová, K., 2017. Analysis of the relationship of automatically and manually extracted lineaments from dem and geologically mapped tectonic faults around the main ethiopian rift and the ethiopian highlands, ethiopia. Auc Geographica 52 (1), 5-17.‏ https://doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2017.1.
Kusak, M., Kropacek, J., Vilimek, V., Schillaci, C., 2016. Analysis of the influence of tectonics on the evolution of valley networks based on SRTM DEM, Jemma River basin, Ethiopia‏. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 1, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., 1957. River channel patterns: braided, meandering, and straight. US Government Printing Office, p. 84.
Llewellyn, P.G., 1974. Ilam-Kuhdasht (20504), Oil Service Company of Iran, 1:250,000.
Mandelbrot, B., 1976. Fractal geometry of turbulence-The Hausdorff dimension, the dispersion and nature of the singularities of fluid motion. Academie des Sciences Paris Comptes Rendus Serie Sciences Mathematiques 282(2), 119.‏ https:// doi.org /ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976CRASM.282.119M
Masoud, A., Koike, K., 2017. Applicability of computer-aided comprehensive tool (LINDA: lineament Detection and Analysis) and shaded digital elevation model for characterizing and interpreting morphotectonic features from lineaments. Computers and Geosciences, 106, 89-100.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.06.006.
‏‏McQuillan, H., 1974. Fracture patterns on Kuh-e Asmari anticline, southwest Iran. AAPG Bulletin 58 (2), 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1306/83D913C1-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865.
Motiei, H., 1995. Iran Petroleum Geology—Geology of the Zagros 1. Publications GSI, Iran, p. 1009. 
Ouchi, S. (1985). Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96 (4), 504-515.‏ https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606 (1985)96.
Pireh, A., Alavi, S.A., Ghassemi, M.R., Shaban, A., 2015. Analysis of natural fractures and effect of deformation intensity on fracture density in Garau formation for shale gas development within two anticlines of Zagros fold and thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 125, 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2014.11.016.
Pirouz, M., Avouac, J.P., Hassanzadeh, J., Kirschvink, J.L., Bahroudi, A., 2017. Early Neogene foreland of the Zagros, implications for the initial closure of the Neo-Tethys and kinematics of crustal shortening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 477, 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.046.
Pour, A.B., Hashim, M., 2015. Hydrothermal alteration mapping from Landsat-8 data, Sar Cheshmeh copper mining district, south-eastern Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Taibah University for Science 9 (2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.11.008.‏
Rowland, J.V., Sibson, R.H., 2004. Structural controls on hydrothermal flow in a segmented rift system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geofluids 4 (4), 259-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00091.
Sabins, F.F., 1996. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. 3rd Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 494 p.
Sarp, H., Černý, R., 2005. Yazganite, NaFe3+2 (Mg, Mn) (AsO4) 3· H2O, a new mineral: its description and crystal structure. European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (2), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0367.
Soliman, A., Han, L., 2019. Effects of vertical accuracy of digital elevation model (DEM) data on automatic lineaments extraction from shaded DEM. Advances in Space Research 64 (3), 603-622.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.05.009.
Solomon, S., Ghebreab, W., 2006. Lineament characterization and their tectonic significance using Landsat TM data and field studies in the central highlands of Eritrea. Journal of African Earth Sciences 46 (4), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.06.007.
Soto-Pinto, C., Arellano-Baeza, A., Sánchez, G., 2013. A new code for automatic detection and analysis of the lineament patterns for geophysical and geological purposes (ADALGEO). Computers and geosciences 57, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.03.019.
Tavani, S., Storti, F., Soleimany, B., Fallah, M., Munoz, J.A., Gambini, R., 2011. Geometry, kinematics and fracture pattern of the Bangestan anticline, Zagros, SW Iran. Geological Magazine 148 (5-6), 964-979. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000197.
Turcotte, D.L., 1997. Fractals and chaos in geology and geophysics. Cambridge university press, p. 398 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174695.      
Warner, E.M., Coalson, E.B., Osmond, J.C., and Williams, E.T., 1997. Geology of Jonah field, a major gas accumulation in the upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Sublette County, Wyoming. Innovative applications of petroleum technology in the Rocky Mountain area: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists 1-12.‏ https://doi.org/80.2480046/480046.
Xypolias, P., Koukouvelas, I.K., 2004. Fault trace parameters as a tool for analysing remotely sensed fault arrays: an example from the eastern Gulf of Corinth, Greece. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25 (21), 4685-4699. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116042000192349.