Determining the sources of salinity, temperature and hydrogen sulfide of the biggest sulfur springs in Iran, Changuleh sulfur and thermal springs, west of Ilam Province

Authors

1 Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University,

Abstract

Changuleh sulfur and thermal springs having an average annual discharge of about 1500 lit/s are discharged from the Anaran anticline located in the west of Ilam province. The purpose of this study is to determine the source of salinity, temperature and sulfide hydrogen of these springs. For this purpose, field studies and monitoring of springs, including measurement of discharge, temperature, acidity, amount of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved oxygen and measurement of main ions, measurement of Deuterium, oxygen 18 and sulfur 34 stable isotopes were performed. Silica geothermometry was used to estimate the reservoirs temperature and relationships between stable isotopes with local meteoric water lines were performed. Geological studies showed that the faults in the Anaran anticline have caused hydraulic connection between Ilam and Sarvak karstic formations and deep seated evaporite formation. SO4/Cl and TDS/Br ratios showed that the salinity of Changuleh sulfur springs is the dissolution of evaporite formations. Stable isotope sulfur 34 analysis also revealed that the source of sulfate is evaporite formations. Analysis of Deuterium, oxygen 18 stable isotopes demonstrated that the origin of these springs is the local precipitation. Silica geothermometer studies showed that the temperature of the Changuleh sulfur reservoirs is about 50 to 55°C. Origin of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is related to the activity of sulfate reducing bacteria. The hydrograph of the springs showed that the rainfall affects the discharge of the springs about 2 months after precipitation. In other words, infiltrating rainfall has a deep circulation along faults and the temperature of springs increases.

Keywords

References

Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its pro-foreland evolution. American Journal of Science 304, 1–20.
Avsar, O., Kurtulus¸ B., Gürsu, S., Gencalioglukus¸ G., Kacaroglu, F., 2016. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of structurally controlled geothermal and mineral waters of Mugla (SW Turkey). Geothermics journal 64, 466-481.
Boosalik, Z., 2011. Determination of source and chemical characteristics of Dalakey sulfide springs Dashtestan, Bushehr province, M.Sc Thesis, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahwaz (in Persian).
Chandrasekharam, D, Bundschuh, J., 2008. Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation, CRC Press LLC, Taylor & Francis Group.
Clark, I. D., 2015. Groundwater Geochemistry and Isotopes, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Clark, I. D., Fritz, P., 1997. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Drever, J.I., 1982. The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Giggenbach, W.F., 1988. Geothermal solute equilibria: derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2749–2765.
Giggenbach, W.F., Minissale, A.A., Scandiffio, G., 1988. Isotopic and chemical assessment of geothermal potential of the Colli Albani area, Latium region, Italy. Applied Geochemistry 3, 475–486.
Goldscheider, N., Madl-Szonyi, J., Eross A., Schille, A., 2010. Review: Thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers. Hydrogeology Journal 18, 1303-1318.
Hounslow, A.W., 1995. Water Quality Data: Analysis and Interpretation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Langmuir, D., 1997. Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry, Prentice-Hall.
Leet, L.D., Judson, S., Kauffman, M.E., 1982. Physical Geology. 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Karimi, H., Moore, F., 2008. The source and heating mechanism for the Ahram, Mirahmad and Garu thermal springs, Zagros Mountains, Iran. Geothermics Journal 37, 84-100.
Karimi, S., Mohammadi, Z., Nozar Samani, N., 2017. Geothermometry and circulation depth of groundwater in Semnan thermal springs, Northern Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 76, 659.
Kempe, A.L.W., Thode, H.G., 1968. The mechanism of bacterial reduction of sulfate and sulfite from isotope fractionation studies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 32, 71–91.
Kobraei, M., Rabbani, A., Taati, F., 2017. Source rock characteristics of the Early Cretaceous Garau and Gadvan formations in the western Zagros Basin–southwest Iran. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 7(4), 1051–1070.
Kompani-Zare, M., Moore, F., 2001.Chemical thermometry and origin of the Dalaki mineral springs, Boshehr Province, Iran. Journal of Hydrology 40, 189–204.
Machel, H.G., 2001. Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings-old and new insights. Sedimentary Geology 140, 143-175.
Macleod, J.H., Roohi, M., 1970. Kuh-e Varzarin geological compilation map 1:100000, Iranian Oil Operating Companies.
Mahbobipour, H., Kamali, M. R., Solgi, A., 2016. Organic geochemistry and petroleum potential of Early Cretaceous Garau Formation in central part of Lurestan zone, northwest of Zagros, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology 77, 991-1009.
Mashhadi, Z.S., Rabbani, A.R., Kamali, M.R., Mirshahani, M., Khajehzadeh, A., 2015. Burial and thermal maturity modeling of the Middle Cretaceous–Early Miocene petroleum system, Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. Petroleum Science 12(3), 367–390.
Mazor, E., 2003. Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology, CRC Press.
Mirzaee, S.Y., Chitszan, M., Peiri, Z., Karimi, H., 2019. Hydrogeochemical study and determination of Pollution Source of Dehloran Sargrou Spring. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology 9(3), 357-373 (in Persian).
Mohammadi, Z., Azhdari, A., Zarei, H., 2018. Determination of salinity source of Grab Behbahan Springs using hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic studies. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology 8(4), 28-36.
Mohammadi, Z., Bagheri, R., Jahanshahi, R., 2010. Hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry of Changal thermal springs, Zagros region, Iran. Geothermics 39, 242-249.
Mohammadzadeh, H., Kazemi, M., 2015. Geothermal reservoir characteristics (T and depth) of Ayub Peighambar and Shafa hot springs using geothermometers and environmental 2H and 18O isotopes, International Symposium on Isotope Hydrology, 11-15 May 2015 Vienna, Austria.
Motiee, H., 1993. Geology of Iran, Stratigraphy of Zagros, Geological Survey of Iran, Teheran, Iran (in Persian).
Nassery, H.R., Mohammadzade, H., Salami, H., 2013. Determination of sulfate origin in a number of folded Zagros sulfur springs using sulfur isotope 34S, The 1st National Conference on Application of Stable Isotopes, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (in Persian).
Pasvanoğlu, S., Çelik, M., 2018. A conceptual model for groundwater flow and geochemical evolution of thermal fluids at the Kızılcahamam geothermal area, Galatian volcanic Province. Geothermics Journal 71, 88-107.
Rafighdoust, Y., Eckstein, Y., Moussavi Harami, R., Mahmudy Gharaie, M.H., Griffith, E., Mahboubi, A., 2015. Isotopic analysis, hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry of Tang-Bijar oilfield springs, Zagros region, Iran. Geothermics Journal 55, 24-30.
Richter, B., Kreitler, C., Bledsoe, W., 1990. Geochemical Techniques for Identification Source of Groundwater Salinization. CRC Press, New York, NY, USA.
Richter, B., Kreitler, C., 1993. Geochemical Techniques for Identifying Sources of Ground-Water Salinization, CRN Press Inc, Florida.
Richter, B., Kreitler C., 1991. Identification of sources of ground-water salinization using geochemical techniques, The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology.
Rittenhouse, G., 1967. Bromine in oil-field waters and its use in determining possibilities of origin of these waters. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 51, 2430–2440.
Setudenia, A., 1967. Kuh-e Anaran geological compilation map 1:100000, Iranian Oil Operating Companies.
Stirling, D., 2007. The Sulfur Problem: Cleaning Up Industrial Feedstocks, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Tian, J., Pang, Z., Guo, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., Huang, T., Kong, Y., 2018. Geochemistry of geothermal fluids with implications on the sources of water and heat recharge to the Rekeng high-temperature geothermal system in the Eastern Himalayan Syntax. Geothermics Journal 74, 92-105.
Wang, L., Wang, Y., Xu, C., An, Z., Wang, S., 2011. Analysis and evaluation of the source of heavy metals in water of the River Changjiang. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173(1-4), 301-313.
Whittemore, D.O., 1995. Geochemical differentiation of oil and gas brine from other saltwater sources contaminating water resources: case studies from Kansas and Oklahoma. Environmental. Geosciences 2, 15-31.
Zega, M., Rozic, B., Gabersek, M., 2015. Mineralogical, hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Zveplenicasulphide karstic spring (Trebusa Valley, NW Slovenia). Environmental Earth Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s12665-015-4357-z.
Advanced Applied Geology
Volume 11, Issue 4
January 2022
Pages 770-788

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics