Reservoir heterogeneity evaluation and hydraulic flow units determination of Dalan-Kangan Formations in one of oil fields of the Persian Gulf

Authors

1 Geology Department, Science Research Branch of Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Geology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Heterogeneity analysis and hydraulic flow unit (HFU) determination of the hydrocarbon reservoirs play an important role in the reservoir behavior. In the present research work hydraulic flow units of the Dalan and Kangan formations in selected two drilled wells (Well# B and Well# A) of one of oil fields in the Persian Gulf basin were determined. Heterogeneity value of the Kangan-Dalan reservoir is 0.84-0.86 in wells under study based on Lorenz coefficient calculation which is indicated high heterogeneity. The results revealed 3 flow units using improved stratigraphic Lorenz plot, core data, well logs and related equations. The method was used to divide formation in view of flow units in the environment of Geolog software. The results revealed that HFU1 - HFU3 and HFU2 are indicating higher and lower reservoir quality, respectively. Based on petrographic analysis of 1600 thin sections of Kangan and Dalan formations twelve sedimentary lithofacies were determined. These facies were also discussed in view of reservoir quality and diagenetic processes effects. Hydraulic flow unit distributions in 5 reservoir zones were exhibited that zone -4 is in the best quality state due to predominance of HFU1. Therefore, according to the present results the reservoir behavior is too much difficult to predict in other locations.

Keywords

References

Ahmad, T., 2001. Reservoir Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Gulf Professional Publishing: 1185P.
Aliakbardoust, E., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., 2013. Integration of rock typing methods forcarbonate reservoir characterization. Journalof Geophysics Engineering10, 11p.
Alpay, O. A., 1972. A practical approach to defining reservoir heterogeneity. Journalof Petroleum Technology 24, 841–848.
Amaefule, J.O., Altunbay, M., Tiab, D., Kersey, D.J., Keelan, D.K., 1993. Enhanced reservoir description: using core and log data to identify hydraulic (Flow) units and predict permeability in uncored intervals/ wells, Paper SPE 26436 presented at the 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Houston, Texas, 3-6 October, 1993.
Archie, G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.Journal of Petroleum Technology 5, 54–62.
Berg, C.F., 2014. Permeability description by characteristic length, tortuosity, constriction and porosity. Transport in Porous Media 103 (3), 381-400.
Carman P.C., 1937. Fluid flow through granular beds.Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers15, 150-166.
Chandra, T., 2008. Permeability estimation using flow zone indicator from well log data, 7th International Conference and Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad, India, P-140, 7p.
Chopra, A. K., M. H. Stein, Ader, J.C., 1989. Development of Reservoir Descriptions to Aid in Design of EOR Projects: SPE Reservoir Engineering 4, 143-150.
Coates, D. F., 1981. Rock Mechanics principles. Monograph 874. Energy, Mines, and Resources, Canada.
Coats, G.R., Dumanoir, J.L., 1974. A New Approach to Improved Log-Derived Permeability. The Log Analyst (January-February), 17p.
Dezfoolian, M.A., Riahi, M.A., Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., 2013. Conversion of 3D seismic attributes to reservoir hydraulic flow units using a neural network approach: An example from the Kangan and Dalan carbonate reservoirs, the world's largest non-associated gas reservoirs, near the Persian Gulf. Earth Sciences Research Journal 17(2), 75-85.
Draper, N.R., Smith, H., 1981. Applied Regression Analysis, Wiley, 709p.
Dubrule, O., Haldorsen, H.H., 1986. Geostatistics for permeability estimation.In: Lake, L.W. and Caroll, .B.J.R., (eds), Reservoir characterization, Academic Press, New York, 223-247.
El Sharawy, M.S., Nabawy, B.S., 2019. Integration of electrofacies and hydraulic flow units to delineate reservoir quality in uncored reservoirs: A case study, Nubia sandstone reservoir, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Natural Resources Research 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-018-9447-7.
 Fahad, A., Al-Agmi, S., Holditch A., 2000. Permeability estimation using hydraulic flow units in a Central Arabia Reservoir. SPE 63254, 787-799.
Gunter, G. W., Finneran, J.M., Hartmann, D.J., Miller, J. D.,1997. Early determination of reservoir flow units using an integrated petrophysical method. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas.
Hatampour, A., Freez, J.G., Soleimanpour, I., 2014. Prediction of flow units in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs using intelligently derived formula: Case study in an Iranian reservoir. Arabian Journal of Sciences Engineering39 (7), 5459–5473.
Insalaco, E., Virgone, A., Courme, B., Gaillot, J., Kamali, M., Moallemi, A., Lotfpour, M., Monibi, S., 2006. Upper Dalan Member and Kangan Formation between the Zagros Mountains and offshore Fars, Iran: depositional system, biostratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture. GeoArabia, 11, 75–176.
Kozeny J., 1927. Uber kapillare leitung des wassers im boden, Stiuzurgsberichte. Royal Academy of Science, Vienna, Proc. Class1, 136, 271-306.
Lian, P., Ma, G., Ji, B., Duan, T., Tan, X., 2017. Numerical simulation modeling of carbonate reservoir based on rock type. Journal of Engineering 17, 1-10.
Mahjour, S.K., Ghasem Al-Askari, M.K., Masihi, M., 2016. Flow-units verification, using statistical zonation and application of stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot in Tabnak gas field. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25 (2), 215-220.
Pirson, S.J., 1963. Handbook of Well Log Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 309.
Prasad, M., 2003, Velocity – permeability relation within hydraulic units. Geophysics 68, 108-117.
Rafiei, M., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Tavakoli, V., Khorasani, E., 2016. Quantifying sedimentary and diagenetic controls on fracturing: an application in rock engineering systems. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 13(6), 928-940.
Sadeq, Q.M., Wan Yusoff, W.I.B., 2015. Porosity and permeability analysis from well logs and core in fracture, vugy and intercrystalline carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 6 (10).
Schmalz, J.P., Rahme, H. D., 1950.The variation of waterflood performance with variation in permeability profile. Producers Monthly 15 (9), 9-12.
Shedid, A.S., Reyadh, A.A., 2002. A new approach of reservoir description of carbonate reservoirs. SPE 74344, 1-10.
Svirsky, D., Ryazanov, A., Pankov, M., Posysoev, A., 2004. Hydraulic flow units resolve reservoir description challenges in a Siberian oil field. SPE 87056, 1-15.
Tavakoli, V., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Esrafili-Dizaji, B., 2010. Diagenetic controlled reservoir quality of South Pars gas field, an integrated approach. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 343, 55-71.
Timur, A., 1968. An investigation of permeability, porosity, and residual water saturation relationship for sandstone reservoirs. The Log Analyst 9 (4), (July-August), 8p.
Tixier, M.P., 1949. Evaluation of permeability from electric-log resistivity gradients. Oil & Gas Journal, 113p.
Wendt, W.A., Sakurai, S., Nelson, P.H., 1986. Permeability prediction from well logs using multiple regression, in Lake, L.W., Caroll, H.B., (eds), Reservoir Characterization, Academic Press, New York.
 
Wyllie, M.R.J., Rose, W.D., 1950. Some theoretical considerations related to the quantitative evaluation of the physical characteristics of reservoir rock from electric log data. Journal of Petroleum Technology 2(4), 105-118. 
Ahmad, T., 2001. Reservoir Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Gulf Professional Publishing: 1185P.
Aliakbardoust, E., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., 2013. Integration of rock typing methods forcarbonate reservoir characterization. Journalof Geophysics Engineering10, 11p.
Alpay, O. A., 1972. A practical approach to defining reservoir heterogeneity. Journalof Petroleum Technology 24, 841–848.
Amaefule, J.O., Altunbay, M., Tiab, D., Kersey, D.J., Keelan, D.K., 1993. Enhanced reservoir description: using core and log data to identify hydraulic (Flow) units and predict permeability in uncored intervals/ wells, Paper SPE 26436 presented at the 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Houston, Texas, 3-6 October, 1993.
Archie, G.E., 1942. The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics.Journal of Petroleum Technology 5, 54–62.
Berg, C.F., 2014. Permeability description by characteristic length, tortuosity, constriction and porosity. Transport in Porous Media 103 (3), 381-400.
Carman P.C., 1937. Fluid flow through granular beds.Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers15, 150-166.
Chandra, T., 2008. Permeability estimation using flow zone indicator from well log data, 7th International Conference and Exposition on Petroleum Geophysics, Hyderabad, India, P-140, 7p.
Chopra, A. K., M. H. Stein, Ader, J.C., 1989. Development of Reservoir Descriptions to Aid in Design of EOR Projects: SPE Reservoir Engineering 4, 143-150.
Coates, D. F., 1981. Rock Mechanics principles. Monograph 874. Energy, Mines, and Resources, Canada.
Coats, G.R., Dumanoir, J.L., 1974. A New Approach to Improved Log-Derived Permeability. The Log Analyst (January-February), 17p.
Dezfoolian, M.A., Riahi, M.A., Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., 2013. Conversion of 3D seismic attributes to reservoir hydraulic flow units using a neural network approach: An example from the Kangan and Dalan carbonate reservoirs, the world's largest non-associated gas reservoirs, near the Persian Gulf. Earth Sciences Research Journal 17(2), 75-85.
Draper, N.R., Smith, H., 1981. Applied Regression Analysis, Wiley, 709p.
Dubrule, O., Haldorsen, H.H., 1986. Geostatistics for permeability estimation.In: Lake, L.W. and Caroll, .B.J.R., (eds), Reservoir characterization, Academic Press, New York, 223-247.
El Sharawy, M.S., Nabawy, B.S., 2019. Integration of electrofacies and hydraulic flow units to delineate reservoir quality in uncored reservoirs: A case study, Nubia sandstone reservoir, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Natural Resources Research 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-018-9447-7.
 Fahad, A., Al-Agmi, S., Holditch A., 2000. Permeability estimation using hydraulic flow units in a Central Arabia Reservoir. SPE 63254, 787-799.
Gunter, G. W., Finneran, J.M., Hartmann, D.J., Miller, J. D.,1997. Early determination of reservoir flow units using an integrated petrophysical method. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas.
Hatampour, A., Freez, J.G., Soleimanpour, I., 2014. Prediction of flow units in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs using intelligently derived formula: Case study in an Iranian reservoir. Arabian Journal of Sciences Engineering39 (7), 5459–5473.
Insalaco, E., Virgone, A., Courme, B., Gaillot, J., Kamali, M., Moallemi, A., Lotfpour, M., Monibi, S., 2006. Upper Dalan Member and Kangan Formation between the Zagros Mountains and offshore Fars, Iran: depositional system, biostratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture. GeoArabia, 11, 75–176.
Kozeny J., 1927. Uber kapillare leitung des wassers im boden, Stiuzurgsberichte. Royal Academy of Science, Vienna, Proc. Class1, 136, 271-306.
Lian, P., Ma, G., Ji, B., Duan, T., Tan, X., 2017. Numerical simulation modeling of carbonate reservoir based on rock type. Journal of Engineering 17, 1-10.
Mahjour, S.K., Ghasem Al-Askari, M.K., Masihi, M., 2016. Flow-units verification, using statistical zonation and application of stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot in Tabnak gas field. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25 (2), 215-220.
Pirson, S.J., 1963. Handbook of Well Log Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 309.
Prasad, M., 2003, Velocity – permeability relation within hydraulic units. Geophysics 68, 108-117.
Rafiei, M., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Tavakoli, V., Khorasani, E., 2016. Quantifying sedimentary and diagenetic controls on fracturing: an application in rock engineering systems. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 13(6), 928-940.
Sadeq, Q.M., Wan Yusoff, W.I.B., 2015. Porosity and permeability analysis from well logs and core in fracture, vugy and intercrystalline carbonate reservoirs. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 6 (10).
Schmalz, J.P., Rahme, H. D., 1950.The variation of waterflood performance with variation in permeability profile. Producers Monthly 15 (9), 9-12.
Shedid, A.S., Reyadh, A.A., 2002. A new approach of reservoir description of carbonate reservoirs. SPE 74344, 1-10.
Svirsky, D., Ryazanov, A., Pankov, M., Posysoev, A., 2004. Hydraulic flow units resolve reservoir description challenges in a Siberian oil field. SPE 87056, 1-15.
Tavakoli, V., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Esrafili-Dizaji, B., 2010. Diagenetic controlled reservoir quality of South Pars gas field, an integrated approach. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 343, 55-71.
Timur, A., 1968. An investigation of permeability, porosity, and residual water saturation relationship for sandstone reservoirs. The Log Analyst 9 (4), (July-August), 8p.
Tixier, M.P., 1949. Evaluation of permeability from electric-log resistivity gradients. Oil & Gas Journal, 113p.
Wendt, W.A., Sakurai, S., Nelson, P.H., 1986. Permeability prediction from well logs using multiple regression, in Lake, L.W., Caroll, H.B., (eds), Reservoir Characterization, Academic Press, New York.
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 
Wyllie, M.R.J., Rose, W.D., 1950. Some theoretical considerations related to the quantitative evaluation of the physical characteristics of reservoir rock from electric log data. Journal of Petroleum Technology 2(4), 105-118.
 
Advanced Applied Geology
Volume 10, Issue 3
October 2020
Pages 354-369

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