Evaluating spectral results of spectroradiometer in outdoor and laboratory for identification of alteration minerals, case study; Kerman porphyry copper deposits

Authors

Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Numerous spectrometer and spectroradiometer models such as TerraSpec and FieldSpec have been designed to measure wavelengths over the Visible Near Infrared (VNIR) and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) regions. In this research the spectral measurements were conducted indoors and outdoors at the Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences of Kerman Gradate University using FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer to identify alteration minerals. The spectral results were compared to the extracted spectra of TerraSpec® spectrometer from Basque university, Spain, microscopic studies and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The attempt is to investigate the accuracy of the extracted spectra, optimize the noise and offer a suitable suggestion for improvement the results through implantation of processing methods. Spectral measurements in different situations revealed that many factors such as; the environmental conditions, the distance of electronic gun from samples, time of measurement, and field of view angle can effect on the spectral response. With implementation of this research an appropriate laboratory space were supplied for spectral measurement by FieldSpec3 spectroradiometer. In addition, the spectral analysis identified muscovite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, dickite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, pyrophyllite, biotite, jarosite, goethite, and hematite.

Keywords


ASD Inc., 2010. FieldSpect3 User Manual, ASD Document 600540.
Barzegar, H., 2007. Geology, petrology and geochemical characteristics of alteration zones within the Seridune prospect, Kerman, Iran. RWTH Aachen University, Germany, p.180.
Bishop, C.A., Liu, J.G., Mason, P.J., 2011. Hyperspectral remote sensing for mineral exploration in Pulang, Yunnan Province, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing 32(9), 2409-2426.
Calvin, W.M., Kratt, C., James, E.F., 2005. Infrared spectroscopy for drillhole lithology and mineralogy. In proceedings of Thirtieth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, SGP-TR-176.
Carrino, T.A., Crósta, A.P., Toledo, C.L.B., Silva, A.M., 2015. Unveiling the hydrothermal mineralogy of the Chapi Chiara gold prospect, Peru, through reflectance spectroscopy, geochemical and petrographic data. Ore Geology Reviews 64, 299-315.
Clark, R.N., 1999. Chapter 1: Spectroscopy of Rocks and Minerals, and Principles of Spectroscopy. In Manual of Remote Sensing, Volume 3, Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences, (A.N. Rencz, ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 3- 58.
Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Wise, R., Livo, E., Hoefen, T., Kokaly, R., Sutley, S.J., 2007. USGS digital spectral library splib06a: U.S. Geological Survey, Digital Data Series 231.
Crosta, A.P., 2010. Unveiling mineralogical information in ore deposits: The use of reflectance spectroscopy for mineral exploration in South-America. In Art, Science and Applications of Reflectance Spectroscopy Symposium sponsored by ASD Inc. and IEEE GRSS, February 23-25, Boulder, Colorado.
Crosta, A.P., Filho, C.R., 2003. Targeting key alteration minerals in epithermal deposits in Patagonia, Argentina, using ASTER imagery and principal component analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24 (21), 4233–4240.
Curtiss, B., Goetz, A.F.H., 2001. Field Spectrometry: Techniques and instrumentation. In Technical guide, 4th edition, Hatchell DC, Analytical Spectral Devices Inc, Boulder CO, USA. Section 12-1 to 12-10.
Derakhshani, R., Abdolzadeh, M., 2009a. Geochemistry, mineralization and alteration zones of Darrehzar porphyry copper deposits, Kerman, Iran. Journal of Applid Science 9(9), 1628-1646.
Derakhshani, R., Abdolzadeh, M., 2009b. Mass change calculations during hydrothermal alteration/ mineralization in the porphyry copper deposit of Darrhzar, Iran. Research journal of environment Science 3(1), 41-51.
Dimitrijevic, M., 1973. Geology of Kerman region, Institute for geological and mining exploration and investigation Beograd Yugoslavia, Ministry of Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Gabr, S., Ghulam, A., Kusky, T., 2010. Detecting areas of high-potential gold mineralization using ASTER data. Ore Geology Reviews 38(1–2), 59-69.
Geological Survey of Iran., 1973. Geological map of Pariz, 1:100000 SHEET 7149 in Ministry of Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Hosseinjani, M., Tangestani, M.H., 2011. Mapping alteration minerals using sub-pixel unmixing of ASTER data in the Sarduiyeh area, SE Kerman, Iran. International Journal of Digital Earth 4(6), 487-504.
Hosseinjanizadeh, M., 2013. Evaluating relationship between alteration and mineralization using spectral analysis and processing of multispectral and hyperspectral data, a case study from central part of Dehaj-Sarduiyeh belt, Kerman Province, SE Iran. Ph.D Thesis, University of Shiraz.
Hosseinjanizadeh, M., Tangestani, M.H., Velasco, R.F., Yusta, I., 2014a. Spectral characteristics of minerals in alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits in the middle part of Kerman copper belt, SE Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 62, 191-198.
Hosseinjanizadeh, M., Tangestani, M.H., Velasco, R.F., Yusta, I., 2014b, Sub-pixel mineral mapping of a porphyry copper belt using EO-1 Hyperion data. Advances in Space Research 53 (3), 440-451.
Kerr, A., Rafuse, A., Sparkes, G., Hinchey, J., Sandeman, H., 2011. Visible/Infrared Spectroscopy (VIRS) as a Research Tool in Economic Geology: Background and Pilot Studies from Newfoundland and Labrador. Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey, Report 11-1, p. 145-166.
King, P.L., Ramsey, M., Swayze, G.A., 2004. Infrared Spectroscopy in Geochemistry, exploration Geochemistry and Remote Sensing. Mineralogical Association of Canada, London, Ontaria, Canada, Short Course Series Volume 33, 284 p.
Kruse, F.A., 2012. Mapping surface mineralogy using imaging spectrometry. Geomorphology 137, 41-56.
Mars, J.C., Rowan, L.C., 2010. Spectral assessment of new ASTER SWIR surface reflectance data products for spectroscopic mapping of rocks and minerals. Remote Sensing of Environment 114(9), 2011-2025.
Milton, E.J., Goetz, A.H., 1997. Atmospheric influences on field spectrometry: Observed relationships between spectral irradiance and the variance in spectral reflectance. In Seventh International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing (ISPRS), Courchevel, France, p. 109–114.
Pfitzner, K., Bartolo, R., Carr, G., Esparon, A., Bollhöfer, A., 2011. Standards for reflectance spectral measurement of temporal vegetation plots. Supervising Scientist Report 195, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT.
Rangzan, K., Saki, A., Hassanshahi, H., Mojaradi, B., 2012. Spectral Analysis and classification of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Hamadan region for remote sensing studies; using laboratory reflectance spectra (350-2500 nm). Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy 20(1), 81-96.
Salisbury, J.W., 1998. Spectral Measurements Field Guide, Earth Satellite Corporation, Defence Technology Information Centre Report No: ADA362372.
Velasco, F., Alvaro, A., Suarez, S., Herrero, J. M., 2007. Mapping Fe-bearing hydrated sulphate minerals with short wave infrared (SWIR) spectral analysis at San Miguel mine environment, Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration 87, 45-72.
Waterman, G., Hamilton, N., 1975. The Sarcheshme Phorphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology 70, 568-576.