بررسی ارتباط بین تغییرات استرس کولمب و توزیع مکانی پس لرزه‌ها : به منظور برآورد عمق زمین لرزه‌ها در کمربند زاگرس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زمین شناسی ، دانشکده علوم، گلستان ، گرگان

چکیده

      یکی از گسترده ترین معیارها برای مطالعه نواحی تغییر تنش حاصل از یک روز زمین لرزه ، معیار کلم است. عمق زمین لرزه های زاگرس باید مورد سؤال باشد. در این تحقیق این مدل برای سه زمین لرزه نسبتاً بزرگ زاگرس بکار گرفته شده است. این زمین لرزه های متن از: زمینلرزه 27 مرداد 1393 ایلام (با بزرگی گشتاوری 2/6) ، 20 فروردین 1392 بوشهر (با بزرگی گشتاوری 3/6) و 20 شهریور 1387 قشم (با بزرگی گشتاوری 1/6). در این زمینلرزه های انطباق بین توزیع مکانیک پسلرزه ها و محیط باعث افزایش تنش حاصل از سقوط شوک در اصلی ترین تفاوت ها با همدیگر شدند. نتیجه کار نشان داد که عمق 5 کیلومتر برای زمین لرزه های ایلام و بوشهر و عمق 5/5 کیلومتر برای زمین لرزه ای قشم منطقی به نظر تبلیغ شده است. در این تحقیق یکی از کاربردهای استفاده از تغییر تنش کلمب حاصل از رخداد یک زمین لرزه جهت محاسبه پارامترهای زمین لرزه معرفی شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


آقانباتی، ع.، 1392، زمین شناسی ایران، سازمان زمین­شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، 708 صفحه
بایزیدی، چ. و هاشمی، ن.، 1392، تحلیل کمی توزیع طولی و تراکم گسل‌های بزرگ مقیاس در ناحیه زاگرس، مجله زمین‌شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته، بهار 1392، شماره 7
تاتار،  م.، یمینی فرد، ف.، 1392، گزارش مقدماتی زلزله 3/6 ریشتری 20/1/1393 شهرستان دشتی استان بوشهر، پژوهشگاه بین‌المللی زلزله‌شناسی و مهندسی زلزله.
حسن لو. ع.، هاشمی س.ن.، 1390، تحلیل مکانی – زمانی اثر متقابل فعالیت گسل‌های لرزه زا بر یکدیگر در بخش میانی ناحیه زاگرس، مجله زمین‌شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته، زمستان 1390، شماره 2 جلد1
مهشادنیا، ل.، جوان دولوئی، غ.، 1393، گزارش زمین‌لرزه 27/5/1393 دهلران  و لرزه‌خیزی جنوب باختر ایران، پژوهشگاه بین‌المللی زلزله‌شناسی و مهندسی زلزله.
یزدانفر، ک.، آق آتابای، م.، جعفری، ف.، 1393، تعیین موقعیت صفحه گسلی و صفحه کمکی زمین‌لرزه بوشهر با استفاده از مدل تغییر تنش کلمب، فصلنامه بین‌المللی پژوهشی تحلیلی زمین پویا، سال اول شماره دوم ویژه‌نامه (سالروز زلزله سراوان)، شماره پیاپی 4، فروردین 93.
Adams, A., Brazier, R., Nyblade, A., Rodgers, A., Al-Amri, A., 2009. Source parameters for moderate earthquakes in the Zagros Mountains with implications for the depth extent of seismicity. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, 2044–2049, doi:10.1785/0120080314
Agh-Atabai, M., Jafari, H. F., 2014. Coulomb stress changes and its correlation with aftershocks of recent Iranian reverse earthquakes. Arab. J. Geosci., DOI 10.1007/s12517-014-1359-1
Azzara, R. A., Basili, L., Beranzoli, C., Chiarabba, R., Giovambattista, D., Selvaggi, G., 1993. The seismic sequence of Potenza (May 1990). Ann. Geofis. 36(1), 237–243
Bahroudi, A., Talbot, C.J., 2003. The configuration of the basement beneath the Zagros basin. Journal of Petroleum Geology, vol.26 (3), 257-282pp
Barnhart, W. D., Lohman, R. B., 2013. Phantom earthquakes and triggered aseismic creep: Vertical partitioning of strain during earthquake sequences in Iran. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40 Issue 5, pages 819-823, DOI: 10.1002/grl.50201
Barnhart, W. D., Lohman, R. B., Mellors, R. J., 2013. Active accommodation of plate convergence in Southern Iran: Earthquake locations, triggered aseismic slip, and regional strain rates. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118, 5699–5711, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50380.
Berberian, M., 1995. Master "blind" thrust faults hidden under the Zagros folds: active basement tectonics and surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics, 241, 193-22
Beeler, N. R., Simpson, W., Hickman, S.H., Lockner, D. A., 2000. Pore fluid pressure, apparent friction and Coulomb failure. J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B11), 25,533-25,542.
Byerlee, J. D. F., 1978. Friction of rocks. Pure Appl. Geophys. 116, 615-626
Green, D. H., Wang, H. F., 1986. Fluid pressure response to undrained compression in saturated sedimentary rock. Geophysics 51, 948-956
Chan, C. H., Ma, K. F., 2004. Possibility of Forecasting Aftershock Distributions from Stress Change: A Case Study of Inland Taiwan Earthquakes. TAO, Vol. 15, No. 3, 503-521
Cocco, M., Hainzl, S., Catalli, F., Enescu, B., Lombardi, A. M., Woessner, J., 2009. Sensitivity study of forecasted aftershock seismicity based on Coulomb stress calculation and rate- and state-dependent frictional response. Journal Of Geophysical Research, DOI:10.1029
Das, S., Scholz, C. H., 1981. Off-faul aftershock clusters caused by shear stress increase. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71, 1669-1675
Ganas, A., Gosar, A., Drakatos. G., 2008. Static stress changes due to the 1998 and 2004 Krn Mountain (Slovenia) earthquakes and implications for future seismicity. Natural Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 8, 59–66
Han, Y., ZhuQi, Z., Chen, Y. J., 2008. Interaction between adjacent left-lateral strike-slip faults and thrust faults: the 1976 Songpan earthquake sequence. Chinese Science Bulletin , August 2008 , vol. 53 .no. 16, 2520-2526
Hainzl, S., Enescu, B., Cocco, M., Woessner, J., Catalli, F., Wang, R., Roth, F., 2009. Aftershock modeling based on uncertain stress calculations. Journal of geophysical research, Vol 114, DOI: 10.1029/2008JB006011
Hainzl, S., Zöller, G., Wang, R., 2010. Impact of the receiver fault distribution on aftershock activity. Journal of geophysical research, Vol. 115, B05315, doi:10.1029/2008JB006224
Hatzfeld, D., Authemayou, C., Vanderbeek, P., Bellier, O., Lave, J., Oveisi, B., Tatar, M., Tavakoli, F., Walpersdorf, A., Yamini-Fard, F., 2010. The kinematics of the Zagros Mountains (Iran). Geological Society, London, Special Publications 330, 19 – 42
Hessami, K., Koyi, H.A., Talbot, C.J., Tabasi, H., Shabanian, E., 2001. Progressive unconformities within an evolving foreland fold – thrust belt, Zagros Mountains. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158, 969–981
Hessami, Kh., Nilforoushan, F., Talbot, J., 2006. Active deformation within the Zagros Mountains deduced from GPS measurements  Journal of the Geological Society. London, Vol. 163, pp. 143–148. Printed in Great Britain
Ishibe, T., Shimazaki, K., Tsuruoka, H., Yamanaka, Y., Satake, K., 2011. Correlation between Coulomb stress changes imparted by large historical strike-slip earthquakes and current seismicity in Japan. Earth Planets Space 63, 301–314, 2011
Jackson, J. A., 1980. Reactivation of basement faults and crustal shortening in orogenic belts. Nature 283, 343–346.
Kilb, D., Gomberg, J., Bodin, P., 2000. Triggering of earthquake aftershocks by dynamic stresses.  Nature  Vol. 408.
Kilb, D., Gomberg. J., Bodin, P., 2002. Aftershock triggering by complete coulomb stress changes. Journal of the Geological research, Vol. 107, No. B4, 10. 1029/2001JB00202
King, G. C. P., Stein, R.S., Lin, J., 1994. Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84 (3): 935–953.
King, G. C. P., Cocco, M., 2001. Fault interaction by elastic stress changes: New clues from earthquake sequences. Advances Geophys., 44, 1–38.
Lin, J., Stein, R. S., 2004. Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes, and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike-slip faults. J. Geophys. Res., 109, B02303, doi:10.1029/2003JB002607
Ma, K. F., Chan, C. H., Stein, R. S., 2005. Response of seismicity to Coulomb stress triggers and shadows of the 1999 Mw=7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. J. Geo-phys. Res., 110, B05S19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003389
Maggi, A., Jackson, J. A., Priestley, K., Baker, C., 2000. A re-assessment of focal depth distributions in southern Iran, the Tien Shan and northern India: do earthquakes really occur in the continental mantle? Geophys. J.Int., 143, 629–661.
 Masson, F., Chèry J., Hatzfeld D., Martinod J., Vernant P., Tavakoli F., Ghafory-Ashtiani  M., 2005. Seismic versus aseismic deformation in Iran inferred from earthquakes and geodetic data. Geophys. J. Int., 160, 217–226, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02465.x.
McQuarrie, N., 2004. Crustal scale geometry of the Zagros fold – thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology 26, Pa 519 – 535
Nalbant, S. S., Hubert, A., King, G. C. P., 1998. Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest turkey and the north aegean sea. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 24469–24486.
Nalbant, S. S., McCloskey, J. F., 2011. Stress evolution before and after the 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307 (2011) 222–232
Nilfouroushan,  F., Pysklywec, R., Cruden, A., Koti, H., 2013. Thermal-mechanical modeling of salt-based mountain belts with pre-existing basement faults: application to the Zagros fold and thrust belt, southwest Iran. Journal of Tectonics, 10/2013; DOI: 10.1002/tect.20075
Nissen, E., Yamini-Fard F., Tatar M., Gholamzadeh A., Bergman E., Elliott J. R., Jackson, J. A., Parsons B., 2010. The vertical separation of mainshock rupture and microseismicity at Qeshm island in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, Iran. EarthPlanet. Sci. Lett., 296, 181–194
Nissen, E., Tatar, M., Jackson, J. A., Allen, M. B., 2011. New views on earthquake faulting in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran. Geophys. J. Int. 186, 928–944
Nissen, E., Jackson, J. A., Jahani, S., Tatar, M., 2014. Zagros “phantom earthquakes” reassessed—The inter-play of seismicity and deep salt flow in the Simply Folded Belt?  J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, doi:10.1002/2013JB010796
Radjput, S., Gahalaut, V. K., Sahu, V. K., 2005. Coulomb stress changes and aftershocks of recent Indian earthquakes. Current Science, Vol. 88, No. 4, 25 February
Raju, P. S., Gahalaut, V. K., Ravi Kumar, M., 2008. Phodong (Sikkim) earthquake of 14 February 2006 and its aftershocks—Coulomb stress analysis. Journal of Geodynamics, 46, pa 63–67
 Reasenberg, P. A., Simpson, R. W., 1992. Response of Regional Seismicity to the Static Stress Change Produced by the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Science, Vol. 255, no. 5052, pp. 1687-1690, DOI: 10.1126/science.255.5052.1687
Scholz, C. H., 1990. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Semmane, F., Campillo, M., Cotton, F., 2005. Fault location and source process of the Boumerdes, Algeria,earthquake inferred from geodetic and strong motion data. Geophys. Res. Letts. 32, L01305, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021268
Stein, R. S., 1999. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence. Nature 402, 605 –609
Stein, R. S., King, G. C. P., Lin, J., 1992. Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7.4 Landers earthquake. Science 258, 1328-1332
Stocklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran, In: Burk, C.A.& Drake, C.L.(eds) The Geology of Continental Margins, Springer, New York, 873–887
Talebian, M., Jackson, J., 2004. A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Geophys. J. Int., 156, 506-526
Tatar, M.,  Hatzfeld, D., Moradi, A. S., Paul, A, 2005. The 2003 December 26 Bam earthquake (Iran), Mw 6.6, aftershock sequence. Geophys. J. Int. 163, 90–105, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02639
Toda, S., Stein R. S., Reasenberg, P. A., Dieterich, J. H., 1998. Stress transferred by the Mw= 6.5 Kobe, Japan, shock: Effect on aftershocks and future earthquake probabilities. J. Geophys. Res.,103, 24,543–24,565.
Toda, S., Stein, R. S., Richards-Dinger, K., Bozkurt, S. B., 2005. Forecasting the evolution of seismicity in southern California: Animations built on earthquake stress transfer. J. Geophy. Res. 110, 1-17
Toda, S., Lin, J., Stein, R. S., 2011. Using the 2011 M=9.0 Tohoku earthquake to test the Coulomb stress triggering hypothesis and to calculate faults brought closer to failure. Special Issue of Earth Planets Space, 7 April 2011
Tong, X., Sandwell, D. T., Fialko, Y., 2010. Coseismic slip model of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and field data. J. Geophys. Res., 115, B04314, doi:10.1029/2009JB006625
Wang, C. Y., Chang, C. H., Yen, H. Y., 2000. An interpretation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan based on the thin-skinned thrust model. TAO, Vol. 11, No. 3, 581-590, September 2000
Wang, Y., Wang, F., Wang, M., Shen, Z., Wan, Y., 2014. Coulomb stress change and evolution induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its delayed triggering of the 2013Mw6.6 Lushan earthquake. Seismol. Res. Lett. 85, no. 1, doi:10.1785/0220130111
Xu, C., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Drummond, J., 2010. Applying the Coulomb failure function with an optimally oriented plane to the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggering. Tectonophysics 491, 119–126